Wednesday, August 29, 2007

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IMPORTANCIA DEL INGLÉS PARA LOS INMIGRANTES

The presence of immigrants presents many challenges for some sectors of the United States, especially those who are unaccustomed to dealing with foreigners and their circumstances. An example of this occurs in the small town of Lebanon, Tennessee, where a judge ordered several immigrant mothers to learn English urgently under penalty of losing custody of their children. Wanting to encourage language learning should be welcomed but not terrifying to break family ties. The action of Judge Barry Tatum is unjustifiable in legal and human terms.
this southern town has been receiving in recent years the arrival of Mexican immigrants, many of them from Mixtec and English language limitations also. It is natural that there is a sharp contrast between their original lifestyle and the new society, which must be overcome gradually, but how to solve it borders on illegality Tatum. The selectivity of their orders to leave a taste discrimination and unconstitutional invasion of thorny areas of private life such as parenting. The requirement to quickly learn the language is very arbitrary considering that there are not many places to study English in a big city, accustomed to diversity.
This case serves to highlight the importance of learning English to succeed in America. Without knowledge of the language is almost impossible to fulfill the dream of progress and a better future that all immigrants aspire. The possibility of direct communication with the natives of this country is essential to the integration process that takes advantage of the opportunities this nation.
In this context it is important to note the improvement in California that showed foreign students learning English. Good test scores of students in K-12 are a testament to the impact of a strong learning system that supports students and that goes far beyond the elimination of bilingual education. This is a good contrast with the structures exist in places like Lebanon, Tennessee.
Learning English requires the desire and the personal will with the ability to do so. The requirement may be unrealistic Tatum judge in Tennessee, as his method, but in California, despite the limitations of space, there are not many excuses for not learning the language.

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LA IMPORTANCIA DEL INGLÉS

The Importance of Knowing English

English is vital for success online.
The Internet world is a world that is constantly changing, and unfortunately for now, in order to keep pace with that change and find out what happens ultimito and new trends, it is necessary to know English. I can not imagine having learned all I know if I did not understand English. Virtually all the information you need is in that language.
Perhaps that is why it is very difficult for some people in English speaking countries to start with internet marketing. While it is a subject in itself, a little overwhelming for the novice, this is enlarged to no information available.
But this should not also hold the people who actually want to pursue his dream. Just take a look online and find sites like www.mansioningles.com or www.aulafacil.com , providing free courses. Provision of learning coupled with tools like Babylon (which has a trial version) or even Google language tools be a great step forward.

So the importance of knowing English is great, you are able to: Read eBooks

Be aware of the news
Communicate Participate in forums
outsourcing projects
Create sites for markets such as USA, where there is a lot of money
If you do not know English, mind! Little by little you will understand, because you will not lack support.

Monday, August 20, 2007

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FOTOQUIMICA


The photochemistry, a subdiscipline of chemistry is the study of interactions between atoms, molecules small, and light (or electromagnetic radiation ).
As in most scientific disciplines, photochemistry
uses the metric system for your measurements. Important units and constants that appear regularly include meters, seconds, hertz , joules, moles , the universal constant of ideal gases R, and Boltzmann constant . These units and constants are also integrated into the field of physical chemistry .
The first law of photochemistry, known as the Grotthus-Draper law (for chemists Theodor
Grotthuss and John W. Draper ), states that light must be absorbed by a chemical that results in a photochemical reaction.
The second law of photochemistry, the Stark-Einstein law, states that for every
photon of light absorbed by a chemical system, only one molecule is activated for a photochemical reaction. This is also known as the law of fotoequivalencia and was derived by Albert Einstein at the time that quantum theory of light was being developed.
The photochemistry can be introduced as a reaction
that comes with the absorption of light. Normally, reaction (not just a photochemical reaction) occurs when a molecule gains activation energy needed to experience changes . An example of this is the combustion of gasoline (a hydrocarbon) into carbon dioxide and water. This is a chemical reaction in which one or more molecules or chemical species are transformed into others. For this reaction is carried out must be provided activation energy. The activation energy is provided in the form of heat or spark. In the case of photochemical reactions, is the light that provides the activation energy.
The absorption of a photon of light by a reactant molecule may also allow a reaction to occur not only bringing the molecule to the necessary activation energy, but also by changing the symmetry of the
electronic configuration of the molecule, reaction path allowing otherwise inaccessible, as described by the selection rules Woodward-Hoffman. Cycloaddition reaction of 2 +2 is an example of a pericyclic reaction that can be analyzed using these rules or the related molecular orbital theory.

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QUIMICA ORGANOMETALICA

organometallic chemistry is the study of chemical with links between an atom of carbon and atom metal, its synthesis and reactivity . In this context, the term "metal" is defined very loosely and includes items such as the silicon or boron , which are not metal but metalloids.
Organometallic chemistry combines aspects of
organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry . Is important in catalysis in refinement of oil and the production of polymers organic.

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QUIMICA ANALITICA

Analytical chemistry (from the Latin: Ana = from the bottom up, lysis = break up, destroy) and is part of the chemical which aims to study the composition chemistry of a material or sample, using different methods.
methods employing chemical analysis may include:
Chemical Methods (based on chemical reactions) or classic:
titration
gravimetric analysis
Physicochemical methods
(based on physical interactions) or instrumental:
spectrometric methods
electroanalytical methods
chromatographic methods Chemical methods have
Traditionally used as instruments do not require very complex (just
pipettes, burettes , flasks, scales etc.) physicochemical methods, however, intrumental require more sophisticated equipment such as chromatography , crystallography, etc. .
The study of chemical methods is based on the
chemical balance, which may be of the following types:
acid-base
redox balance
solubility equilibrium
complex balance

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GEOQUIMICA

The geochemistry is the branch of geology and chemistry that studies the composition and chemical behavior of the Earth , determining the absolute and relative abundance of chemical elements, distribution and migration of elements between the different parts that make up the Earth (hydrosphere , atmosphere, biosphere and Geosphere ) using as primary minerals and rock samples components crust, trying to determine the laws or principles which are based on such distribution and migration. Its objectives are:
determine the absolute and relative abundance of elements and chemical species in different natural systems on Earth.
study of the distribution and migration of elements in the different parts that make up the Earth (lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere), in order to obtain information on the principles that govern the migration and distribution of elements (including the different natural systems).
Its use for the welfare
: Get
natural resources for the benefit of mankind.
study quality
environment and how to avoid further contaminating it and keep it for the benefit of mankind.

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QUIMICA NUCLEAR

Nuclear Chemistry which deals with the study of the transmutations and transformations of atomic nuclei in the same way that serves to study the molecular chemistry of the molecules.
nuclear transformations can be produced spontaneously by emission of radiation ao / 3, verified a shift of two places left in the periodic system in the first case (emission), and one right at the second (emission), according to the law of Frederick Soddy shift . The capture by the nucleus of an electron from the electron shells K, L, M. .., results in the conversion of a proton into a neutron, which means also a leftward shift in the periodic system. The most common is the K capture, reverse of K creation or addition of a particle / 3 to the immediate K to the core. In a broad sense, nuclear chemistry accounts for the study of changes radioactive spontaneous, natural radio-elements, transuranic elements, and effects and isotopic separation. It also includes the study of a series of remarkable applications geochemical, geological and astrophysical, chemical actions of ionizing radiation, biological effects of radiation, and color phenomena induced fluorescence, radioactive tracers, isotopic changes, as well as analytical, electrochemical, biochemical and physiological, technical and industrial. Of great interest is an aspect of nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that produce new elements. Thus, collision an alpha particle (a) with a nitrogen nucleus, there is the possibility of two processes as freeing a proton: (1) ZN + Zhe - ~ 13C + ZH + iH
(2) ZN + Z I 180 + 111 - 1
In (1) the decay occurs without particle is linked definitely soul, in (2) is made the capture of the alpha particle and a proton is loose. In these equations, higher rates represent the nuclear masses, and lower nuclear charges of different particles, plus the sum of higher rates and lower rates of each member of these equations must be equal. The disintegration of aluminum
also verified with production of protons: Zhe I7A1 + _> 30Si + lHEl neutron bombarded with particles to produce beryllium, 49Be + Zhe -> I2C + In these transmutations, caused by particles to produce stable nuclei, but most unstable isotopes are elements to be bombarded by neutrons that have been delayed, by passing through water or paraffin. Nuclear chemistry is closely related to nuclear physics, but with methods and issues.

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PETROQUIMICA


Petrochemical is the removal of any chemicals from fuels fossils. These include purified fossil fuels such as methane the propane, butane the the gasoline, kerosene the The diesel , aviation fuel and pesticides , herbicides, fertilizers and other items like plastic, the asphalt or synthetic fibers.
The petrochemical industry: industry devoted to obtain chemical derivatives of gas. Petrochemicals include all chemicals that are extracted from oil. The modern petrochemical industry nineteenth century, and are manufactured from petroleum products. Most petrochemical products are manufactured from a relatively small number of hydrocarbons, including propylene, butadiene and aromatics.

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ELECTROQUIMICA

Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry studying the reactions that take place in the interface a electrical conductor, where electrode consists of a metal or a semiconductor (including graphite ) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte ).
If a chemical reaction is caused by a
external voltage, or if the voltage is caused by a chemical reaction , as happens in a battery , is an electrochemical reaction. Usually the electrochemical charge of studying situations where reactions redox occur in two separate compartments. Direct transfer of loads from a molecule to another is not of interest in electrochemistry. Within cells are the electrochemical plating, in which one can distinguish the stages of reduction and oxidation. Oxidation occurs at the anode (+) through this substance loses electrons, in the case of the reduction is quite the opposite, that is, on the cathode (-) gains electrons. The oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized.

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QUIMICA COMPUTACIONAL

Computational chemistry is a branch of theoretical chemistry and quantum chemistry. The goal of computational chemistry is to produce and use software to study the properties (as energy, dipole moment , frequency of vibration ) of molecules and to a lesser extent, extended solid. It is also used to cover areas of overlap between the computer and chemical .
In theoretical chemistry, chemists and physicists
develop algorithms and theories that allow accurate predictions of properties atomic or molecular pathways or for chemical reactions. The chemicals used computer programs and methodologies and apply them to specific chemical problems.

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QUIMICA AMBIENTAL

environmental chemistry, environmental chemistry is also called the application of chemical to study the problems and the conservation of environment . In the chemistry of the atmosphere, as the international community pays more attention to the views of environmentalism (with international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases ), this discipline is more and more important.
The development of this discipline showed the serious consequences it had for
ozone the widespread use of chlorofluorocarbons . After the experiences with acid rain , the combination of environmental chemistry and chemical engineering resulted in the development of treatments to limit emissions from factories .
environmental chemistry also deals with the processes, reactions, evolution and interactions that occur in water bodies and marine through the discharge of pollutants
anthropogenic. It also examines the treatments such discharges for reduce payload.
also no interaction between the so-called green chemistry
or Sustainable chemistry and preservation of the environment, as this study productvos optimize chemical processes, eliminating side products, using less aggressive conditions (pressure and temperature, type of solvent).
environmental chemistry is responsible for conducting the monitoring of industrial projects, taking into account the environmental impact.

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QUIMICA FISICA

The physical chemistry is a branch of chemistry studying the matter using physical concepts. According to the renowned
American Chemical Gilbert Lewis, "The Physical chemistry is anything interesting," probably referring to the fact that many phenomena of nature regarding the matter are of primary interest in physical chemistry.
represents a branch of physical chemistry in which case a combination of various sciences such as chemistry, physics, thermodynamics
, electrochemical and quantum mechanics where mathematical functions can represent interpretations at the molecular and atomic structural . Changes in temperature , pressure, volume , heat and work in systems , solid, liquid and / or gas are also related to these interpretations of molecular interactions .
The American chemist of
VIX century Willard Gibbs is considered the founding father of physical chemistry, where publication of 1876 called "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances "(Study on the equilibrium of heterogeneous substances) coined terms such as free energy , chemical potential, and rules phase, which years later would be of primary interest in this discipline study.
The modern physical chemistry has strong bases in pure physics. Important areas of study in it include the thermochemical
(Chemical Thermodynamics), chemical kinetics, quantum chemistry , statistical mechanics, electrochemistry, chemical liquid state and surfaces and spectroscopy. Physical chemistry is a fundamental part in the study of science materials.

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BIOQUIMICA


Biochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the chemical components of living , especially proteins, carbohydrates , lipids and nucleic acids , and other small molecules present in the cells . The biochemistry is based on the concept that every living thing contains carbon and general biological molecules are composed mainly of carbon , hydrogen , oxygen, nitrogen , phosphorus and sulfur .

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SUBDICIPLINAS DE LA QUIMICA


Some of the many sub-disciplines of chemistry are
Inorganic Chemistry: study minerals, is also studying the structure, processing and properties of matter.
Organic Chemistry: Synthesis and study of compounds based on carbon chains.
Biochemistry: study chemical reactions in living things, study the living organism.
physical chemistry: deals with the determination of the fundamental laws and constants that govern the processes of Chemistry: Thermodynamics , colligative properties, Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms , QCA. Theoretical Computational Quantum.
Quantum Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Environmental Chemistry: The influence of all chemicals that are in earth, in both its natural and anthropogenic.
Theoretical Chemistry
Computational Chemistry
Electrochemistry
Nuclear Chemistry
Petrochemical
Geochemistry : studying all the transformations of minerals in soil.
Analytical Chemistry: Study the methods of detection (identification) and quantification (determination) of a substance in a sample.
is subdivided into quantitative and qualitative.
Organometallic chemistry
Photochemistry
industrial chemistry

Thursday, August 16, 2007

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GEOMETRIA EUCLIDIANA


Euclidean geometry is called (Term used to distinguish it from the Euclidean geometry , which is required by the parallel postulate) to the geometry compiled by ancient Greek mathematician Euclid , in his book " elements, written about 300 years ACHéctor Fadel was a great philosopher who studies devoted to Euclidean geometry providing other postulates.
Euclidean geometry is one that studies the properties of
plane and three-dimensional space. In mathematicians sometimes use the term to include higher-dimensional geometries with similar properties. However, often Euclidean plane geometry is synonymous.

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GEOMETRIA TRIDIMENCIONAL

dimensional geometry of the molecules is determined by the relative orientation of covalent bonds. In 1957 the Canadian chemist Ron Gillespie based on previous work by Nyholm developed a simple and robust tool to predict the geometry (shape) of the moléculas.La theory he developed is called Repulsion Theory of Electron Pairs Valencia ( TRPEV) and is based on simple argument that groups of electrons will repel each other and form that the molecule is one in which the repulsion between electron groups is TRPEV mínima.Para the groups of electrons can be: a simple link

double a triple bond
link
a nonbonding electron pair
To predict the geometry of a molecule we need to know only how many groups of electrons are related to the central atom for which we write the Lewis formula of the molecule. Then we simply ask how groups of electrons are spatially distributed so that the repulsion between them is minimal.
is important to remember the geometry of the molecule will be determined solely by the spatial distribution of the bonds present and not the position of the nonbonding electron pairs, which if shall be taken into account when determining the spatial arrangement of all e-groups , are such links or no.Por H2S molecule has the formula of Lewis
Here we can identify 4 groups of electrons: two single bonds and two nonbonding electron pairs.
To minimize the repulsions between them adopt a tetrahedral geometry, placing each group at the apex of a tetrahedron whose center is the atom sulfur. But when it comes to determining the geometry of the molecule, it is only determined by the distribution of links, so that the geometry of H2S will be angular.
MSM Note that the angle is less than 109.5 °, the angle of a regular tetrahedron. This is due to the greater repulsion generated by the increasing volume of non-bonding electron pairs.

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QUIMICA ORGANICA




Organic Chemistry or carbon chemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies a large class of molecules containing carbon forming covalent bonds carbon - carbon or carbon - hydrogen, also known as organic compounds. Friedrich Kekule is known as the father of organic chemistry.
The large amount of organic compounds exists is explained by the characteristics of
atom of carbon, which has four electrons in layer valencia : as octet rule needs eight to complete, so it forms four bonds (valence = 4) with other atoms to form a tetradrón a pyramid triangular base.




Lewis structure, also called dot plots are graphical representations showing links between atoms a molecule and pairs of electrons lonely that may exist. Lewis
diagram can be used both to represent molecules formed by the union of its atoms by covalent
as coordination complexes. The Lewis structure was proposed by Lewis Gilbert, who first introduced in 1916 in his article The molecule and atom.
Lewis structures showing the various atoms of a given molecule using its chemical symbol and lines are drawn between atoms that joined together. Sometimes, to represent each link, using pairs of points instead of lines. Unpaired electrons (those not participating in links) are represented by a line or a couple of points, and placed around the atoms to which they belong
.

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IMPORTANCIA DE LA QUIMiCA


Every aspect of our material welfare depends on the chemistry as the science provides the appropriate means and thus make it possible, for example, in regard to our means of locomotion, Chemical supplies special steels and alloys,
We can think of no anesthetic and antiseptic surgery, in aircraft without special light alloys or petrol at the dresses without dyes, on the bridges without iron and concrete, and no explosives in the tunnels ... The wonderful progress of our civilization over the last two years, much higher than in the four thousand years earlier, is the result of the development and application of chemical science, which man has acquired control over the external environment and increased independence from him. But all these developments
chemicals to being huge, is only a beginning as the most intriguing and promising secrets of nature are still impenetrable. The chemical has come to solve the mystery the atom and now has methods to release the enormous reserves of energy within him, but we know nothing of the chemical forces that distinguish living matter from non-living. For example, how using green leaf sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into food?, And why the minimum mechanism traces of vitamins and hormones produced in the human body amazing effects known? The
Contrary to what might be expected, no chemical science has come to fruition. Each new development happening new questions whose answer requires more than intuition of great geniuses, working in collaboration with their growers, as revealed in recent years and insights into the intimate structure of matter.

Sunday, August 12, 2007

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TABLA PERIODICA


The periodic table of elements is the organization that, according to various criteria, distributes various chemicals according to certain characteristics.
table is usually attributed to
Dimitri Mendeleev, who ordered the items based on the computational variation of chemical properties, though Julius Lothar Meyer , working separately, conducted a management from the physical properties of atoms.

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CONTAMINACION DEL AIRE

Air pollution is one of the most important environmental problems, and is the result of human activities. The causes of this pollution are diverse, but the highest rate is caused by industrial, commercial, domestic and agricultural.
combustion used for heating, generating electricity or motion, is the pollutant emission process more meaningful. Other activities such as smelting and production of chemicals that can cause the deterioration of air quality if performed without control.
Clean air is a gas mixture composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% of different compounds such as argon, carbon dioxide and ozone. We understand air pollution as any change in the balance of these components, which alter the physical and chemical properties of air.
The main air pollutants are classified as:
UNITS:
are those who remain in the atmosphere as they were issued by the source. For evaluation of air quality are considered: oxides sulfur, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and particulates.
SIDE:
are those who have been subjected to chemical changes, or are the product of the reaction of two or more primary pollutants in the atmosphere. These include photochemical oxidants and some short-lived radicals such as ozone.
Nationally, air pollution is limited to areas of high population density or industrial. Annual emissions of pollutants in the country are over 16 million tonnes, of which 65% is of vehicles.
In Mexico City generates 23.6% of such emissions, 3.5% in Guadalajara, Monterrey and 3%. Other industrial centers generate the remaining 70%.

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IMPORTANCIA DE LA TRIGONOMETRIA

Trigonometry (Greek < trigōnon "triangle" + metron "measure" [1] of hence the etymological meaning becomes the measurement of triangles ). Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics read studying relationships between angles and sides of triangles. Trigonometry for this study uses the functions or trigonometric reasons which are frequently used in engineering calculations. Trigonometry applies to other branches of geometry , as is the case study areas, the geometry space.
has many applications: triangulation techniques, for example, are used in astronomy
to measure distances to stars nearby in the measurement of distances between geographic points , and navigation systems, satellite .

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LA IMPORTANCIA DEL AGUA


water and landscape: Water is in many places: in the clouds, in rivers, in snow and at sea. It is also where we can not see, like air itself, in our body, food and under the earth. In addition, the water changes one place to another.
Water is necessary for the life of man, animals and plants. An important part of the wealth of a country, which is why we must learn not to waste it.
all know that water is essential for life and if we fail to take die in a few days.
70% of our body is water, water found in the blood, saliva, inside of our cells, between each of our organs, our tissues and even bones.
addition to drinking water, we humans use water in almost all our actions, ie we require to prepare food, wash clothes or dishes, grooming, irrigation, animal husbandry, manufacturing, energy production, etc.
As we know, water is a colorless, tasteless and odorless, that is, no color, taste or smell when in its highest degree of purity. It is a vital element without which life would not be possible for living beings (animals or plants).
is called the water you can drink and mineral water which flow from springs and are generally considered medicinal for certain conditions. Hard water is characterized in that, if boiled, leave in the bottom of the container a chalky residue, not used to drinking them as they do not produce lather with the soap used to wash either.
Drinking water is essential to human life, but in short supply as the population increases and because, unfortunately, is wasted by people ignorant and lacking a sense of responsibility and human solidarity. After air, water is the most essential to human existence. So it is worrying that their production and conservation is becoming a crucial issue, which is why we must begin to act.
Bring water to the city is very difficult and very expensive, almost all we eat comes from far away places. In the case of our region, water is transported from the Colorado River, near Mexicali.
all human activities in the water is this: in the city is used for food, hygiene, irrigation of parks, forests and gardens, and industrial uses.
Water has been important to our planet since life began, reflecting on history. In our country, before the English arrived the Indians worshiped Tlaloc and Chac, old gods, gods of rain, necessary for the water will not fail.
The Nahua believed that children were a gift from the gods and that before children swim in the water as jade goldfish.
The ancient Greeks believed that water was one of four basic elements of the universe. This belief traveled the world for centuries without losing momentum, today, scientists claim that water existed since the formation of the Earth and oceans that life originated.

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SURGIMIENTO DE LA GEOMETRIA

The origin of the term geometry is an accurate description of the work of early surveyors who were interested in issues such as the size of the fields or the drawing of angles straight to the corners of buildings. This type of empirical geometry that flourished in ancient Egypt, Sumeria and Babylon, was refined and systematized by the Greeks.
geometric knowledge of the Babylonians: By 2200 BC the rules applied to calculate areas of rectangles, isosceles triangles, trapezoids and circles. In the measurement of solids, gave solutions related to parallelepipeds, cylinders and prisms, which applied to excavation of canals for irrigation. They knew also that the angle inscribed in a semicircle is right, the homologous sides of similar triangles are proportional, the relationship between the sides of a triangle and the relationship between the circumference of a circle to its diameter, taking value of 3 for p.
In the sixth century BC mathematician Pythagoras laid the cornerstone of cinetífica geometry to show that the various arbitrary and disparate laws of empirical geometry can be deduced as logical onclusions a limited number of axioms or postulates. These principles were regarded by Pythagoras and his disciples as self-evident truths, but in modern mathematical thinking are considered as a set of useful but arbitrary assumptions.
Although there are previous attempts, the first systematic body of knowledge that crystallized the elements of Euclid (300 BC), but did not understand all the mathematical knowledge of the time, its structure is so strong that even today, organic is the base of elementary geometry texts. Apollonius of Perga
studied the family of curves known as conic and discovered many of their fundamental properties. Conics are important in many fields of physical sciences, for example, the orbits of the planets around the sun are essentially conical.
Archimedes, one of the great Greek scientists made a considerable number of contributions to geometry. He invented ways to measure the area of \u200b\u200bshapes and curves the surface and volume of solids bounded by curved surfaces such as paraboloids and cylinders. It also developed a method to calculate an approximation of the value pi, the ratio between the diameter and circumference of a circle and established that this number was between 3 10/70 and 3 10/71.
Thus, Euclid, Archimedes and Apollonius, Greek geometry reached its culmination. The geometry advanced little since the end of the Greek era to the Middle Ages.
The next important step in this science was given by the philosopher and mathematician Rene Descartes, whose treatise Discourse on Method, published in 1637, he made time. This work forged a connection between geometry and algebra by showing how to apply the methods of a discipline on the other. This is a foundation of analytic geometry, in which the figures are represented by algebraic expressions, subject underlying most of modern geometry. Another important development
seventeenth century was the investigation of the properties of geometric figures that remain unchanged when the figures are projected from one plane to another. The geometry underwent a radical change of direction in the nineteenth century.
mathematicians Carl Friedrich Gauss, Nikolai Lobachevsky and János Bolyai, working separately, coherent systems developed non-Euclidean geometry. These systems came from work on the so-called "parallel postulate" of Euclid, to propose alternatives that generate foreign models and non-intuitive space, although consistent.

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QUIMICA (HISTORIA)

The chemical science emerged in the seventeenth century from studies of alchemy popular among many scientists of the time. It is considered that the basic principles of chemistry are collected for the first time in the work of British scientist Robert Boyle : The Skeptical Chymist (1661 ). Chemistry as such begins his gait a century later the French work of Antoine Lavoisier and discoveries of oxygen , the law of conservation of mass and refutation of the theory of as phlogiston theory of combustion.

The history of chemistry is strongly linked to development of man, as it embarks from all the transformations of material and relevant theories. Often the history of chemistry is intertwined with the history of chemical and, according to nationality or political persuasion of the author highlights a greater or lesser extent the achievements made in a particular field or a particular nation.

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LA GEOMETRIA EN LA QIMICA


(ANI): Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research, Academy and International Max Planck Research (SurMat ") were able to grow silica particles on a surface from a solution, so that it formed a regular pattern of small cones. Each cone of silica was formed by numerous spiral settled one above another, and each coil was formed by silica tubes, also prepared a specific pattern. Selected hierarchical structures of this kind, which are defined with any accuracy at large and small, were unknown to scientists except in nature, for example, bone, wood and seashells. Now however, it is technologically feasible to grow this class structures in test tubes, and this could allow engineers to produce optical and electronic components even smaller than today.
selected hierarchical structure of the silica particles was made from the reaction of a solution where they could grow many different forms of these particles. Mixed a silicon compound with an amine dragging a long fatty acid tail. Amine molecules assemble in micelles form long threads, and silica accumulates in these threads. If scientists immersed in the solution untreated support, for example, a lightly contaminated glass plate, the particles are random deposits: sometimes conical, sometimes in double cones, sometimes in their own ways of fibras.Para change this uncertain situation, the scientists put "bait" for special forms on the surface. Used a "seal" of silicone applied to the square glass of a substance with alkyl, and repel water. The glass itself attracts water. The edges of the squares who reject the water have a length of three micrometers, ie, three thousandths of a millimeter. Squares water repellents act as seeds: when chemicals glass plate immersed in the solution, after a little more than three days to construct a small cone in each square. The cones are solid as rocks but are made of long strands coiled. It is still not clear why the silica particles tend to congregate in the square agua.Atrayendo repel the particles to the surface wound the crystal, the scientists control the kind of hierarchical structure that ultimately make the particles.
silica cones grow like pixels on a substrate pre-treated. (Photo: Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung) (ANI): Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research, and International Academy Max Planck Research (SurMat ") were able to grow on a silica particles surface from a solution, so that it formed a regular pattern of small cones. Each cone of silica was formed by numerous spiral settled on one another, and each coil was formed by silica tubes, arranged also with a specific pattern. Selected hierarchical structures of this kind, which are defined with any accuracy at large and small, were unknown to scientists except in nature, for example, bone, wood and seashells. Now however, it is technologically feasible to grow this class structures in test tubes, and this could allow engineers to produce optical and electronic components even smaller than today.
selected hierarchical structure of the silica particles was made from the reaction of a solution where they could grow many different forms of these particles. Mixed a silicon compound with an amine dragging a long fatty acid tail. Amine molecules assemble in micelles form long threads, and silica accumulates in these threads. If scientists immersed in the solution untreated support, for example, a lightly contaminated glass plate, the particles form random deposits: sometimes conical, sometimes in double cones, sometimes in their own ways of fibras.Para change this uncertain situation, the scientists put "bait" for special forms on the surface. Used a "seal" of silicone applied to the glass squares of a substance with alkyl, and repel water. The crystal itself attracts water. The edges of the squares who reject the water have a length of three micrometers, ie, three thousandths of a millimeter. Squares water repellents act as seeds: when chemicals glass plate immersed in the solution, after a little more than three days to construct a small cone in each square. The cones are solid as rocks but are made of long strands coiled. It is still not clear why the silica particles tend to congregate in the square to repel the particles agua.Atrayendo rolled to the surface of the crystal, the scientists control the kind of hierarchical structure finally take the particles.